toteBlender for v-1.0
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# Tote Blender simulation (v-1.0)
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## Problem Definition
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The problem is to simulate a double pedestal tote blender (mixer) with the diameter **0.03 m** and **0.1 m** respectively, the length **0.3 m**, rotating at **28 rpm**. This blender is filled with **24000** particles. The timestep for integration is **0.00002 s**. There is one type of particle in this blender. Particles are positioned before the start of simulation to fill the blender.
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* **24000** particles with **5 mm** diameter are positioned, in order, and let to be settled under gravity. After settling particles, this blender starts to rotate at t=**1s**.
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<html>
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<body>
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<div align="center"><b>
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a view of the tote-blender while rotating
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</div></b>
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<div align="center">
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<img src="https://github.com/PhasicFlow/phasicFlow/blob/media/media/Tote-blender.gif", width=700px>
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</div>
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<div align="center"><i>
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particles are colored according to their velocity
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</div></i>
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</body>
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</html>
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# Setting up the Case
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As it has been explained in the previous cases, the simulation case setup is based on text-based scripts. Here, the simulation case setup files are stored into two folders: `caseSetup`, `setting` (see the above folders). Unlike the previous cases, this case does not have the `stl` file and the surfaces are defined based on the built-in utilities in phasicFlow. See next the section for more information on how we can setup the geometry and its rotation.
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## Geometry
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### Defining rotation axis
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In file `settings/geometryDict` the information of rotating axis and speed of rotation are defined. The rotation of this blender starts at time=**0.5 s** and ends at time=**9.5 s**.
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```C++
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// information for rotatingAxis motion model
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rotatingAxis
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{
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axisOfRotation
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{
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p1 (-0.1 0.0 0.15); // first point for the axis of rotation
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p2 ( 0.1 0.0 0.15); // second point for the axis of rotation
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omega 1.5708; // rotation speed ==> 15 rad/s
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// Start time of Geometry Rotating (s)
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startTime 0.5;
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// End time of Geometry Rotating (s)
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endTime 9.5;
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}
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}
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```
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### Surfaces
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In `settings/geometryDict` file, the surfaces and motion component of each surface are defined to form a rotating tote-blender. The geometry is composed of top and bottom cylinders, top and bottom cones, a cylindrical shell and top and bottom Gates.
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```C++
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surfaces
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{
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topGate
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{
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// type of wall
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type cylinderWall;
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// begin point of cylinder axis
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p1 (0.0 0.0 0.3);
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// end point of cylinder axis
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p2 (0.0 0.0 0.301);
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// radius at p1
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radius1 0.03;
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// radius at p2
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radius2 0.0001;
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// material of wall
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material solidProperty;
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// motion component name
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motion axisOfRotation;
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}
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topCylinder
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{
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type cylinderWall;
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p1 (0.0 0.0 0.28);
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p2 (0.0 0.0 0.3);
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radius1 0.03;
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radius2 0.03;
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resolution 36;
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material solidProperty;
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motion axisOfRotation;
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}
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coneShelltop
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{
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type cylinderWall;
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p1 (0.0 0.0 0.2);
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p2 (0.0 0.0 0.28);
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radius1 0.1;
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radius2 0.03;
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resolution 36;
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material solidProperty;
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motion axisOfRotation;
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}
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cylinderShell
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{
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type cylinderWall;
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p1 (0.0 0.0 0.1);
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p2 (0.0 0.0 0.2);
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radius1 0.1;
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radius2 0.1;
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resolution 36;
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material solidProperty;
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motion axisOfRotation;
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}
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coneShelldown
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{
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type cylinderWall;
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p1 (0.0 0.0 0.02);
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p2 (0.0 0.0 0.1);
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radius1 0.03;
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radius2 0.1;
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resolution 36;
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material solidProperty;
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motion axisOfRotation;
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}
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bottomCylinder
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{
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type cylinderWall;
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p1 (0.0 0.0 0.0);
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p2 (0.0 0.0 0.02);
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radius1 0.03;
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radius2 0.03;
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resolution 36;
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material solidProperty;
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motion axisOfRotation;
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}
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exitGate
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{
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type cylinderWall;
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p1 (0.0 0.0 -0.001);
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p2 (0.0 0.0 0.0);
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radius1 0.03;
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radius2 0.0001;
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resolution 36;
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material solidProperty;
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motion axisOfRotation;
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}
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}
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```
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## Defining particles
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### Diameter and material of spheres
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In the `caseSetup/shapes` the diameter and the material name of the particles are defined.
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<div align="center">
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in <b>caseSetup/shapes</b> file
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</div>
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```C++
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// name of shapes
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names (sphere1);
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// diameter of shapes (m)
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diameters (0.005);
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// material name for shapes
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materials (solidProperty);
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```
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### Particle positioning before start of simulation
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Particles are positioned before the start of simulation. The positioning can be ordered or random. Here we use ordered positioning. 24000 particles are positioned in a cylinderical region inside the tote-blender.
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<div align="center">
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in <b>settings/particlesDict</b> file
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</div>
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```C++
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// positions particles
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positionParticles
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{
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// ordered positioning
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method positionOrdered;
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// maximum number of particles in the simulation
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maxNumberOfParticles 25001;
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// perform initial sorting based on morton code?
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mortonSorting Yes;
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// cylinderical region for positioning particles
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cylinder
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{
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p1 (0.0 0.0 0.09);
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p2 (0.0 0.0 0.21);
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radius 0.09;
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}
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positionOrderedInfo
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{
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// minimum space between centers of particles
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diameter 0.005;
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// number of particles in the simulation
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numPoints 24000;
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// axis order for filling the space with particles
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axisOrder (x y z);
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}
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}
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```
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## Interaction between particles
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In `caseSetup/interaction` file, material names and properties and interaction parameters are defined. Since we are defining 1 material type in the simulation, the interaction matrix is 1x1 (interactions are symmetric).
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```C++
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// a list of materials names
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materials (solidProperty);
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// density of materials [kg/m3]
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densities (1000.0);
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contactListType sortedContactList;
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model
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{
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contactForceModel nonLinearNonLimited;
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rollingFrictionModel normal;
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/*
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Property (solidProperty-solidProperty);
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*/
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// Young modulus [Pa]
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Yeff (1.0e6);
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// Shear modulus [Pa]
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Geff (0.8e6);
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// Poisson's ratio [-]
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nu (0.25);
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// coefficient of normal restitution
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en (0.7);
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// dynamic friction
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mu (0.3);
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// rolling friction
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mur (0.1);
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}
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```
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# Performing Simulation and previewing the results
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To perform simulations, enter the following commands one after another in the terminal.
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Enter `particlesPhasicFlow` command to create the initial fields for particles.
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Enter `geometryPhasicFlow` command to create the geometry.
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At last, enter `sphereGranFlow` command to start the simulation.
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After finishing the simulation, you can use `pFlowtoVTK` to convert the results into vtk format stored in ./VTK folder.
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@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
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/* -------------------------------*- C++ -*--------------------------------- *\
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| phasicFlow File |
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| copyright: www.cemf.ir |
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\* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
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objectName interaction;
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objectType dicrionary;
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fileFormat ASCII;
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/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
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materials (solidProperty); // a list of materials names
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densities (1000.0); // density of materials [kg/m3]
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contactListType sortedContactList;
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model
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{
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contactForceModel nonLinearNonLimited;
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rollingFrictionModel normal;
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/*
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Property (solidProperty-solidProperty)
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*/
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Yeff (1.0e6); // Young modulus [Pa]
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Geff (0.8e6); // Shear modulus [Pa]
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nu (0.25); // Poisson's ratio [-]
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en (0.7); // coefficient of normal restitution
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mu (0.3); // dynamic friction
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mur (0.1); // rolling friction
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}
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contactSearch
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{
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method NBS;
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updateInterval 10;
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sizeRatio 1.1;
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cellExtent 0.55;
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adjustableBox Yes;
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}
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@ -2,16 +2,13 @@
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| phasicFlow File |
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| phasicFlow File |
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| copyright: www.cemf.ir |
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| copyright: www.cemf.ir |
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\* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
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\* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
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objectName sphereDict;
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objectName sphereDict;
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objectType sphereShape;
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objectType sphereShape;
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fileFormat ASCII;
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fileFormat ASCII;
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/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
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/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
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// name of shapes
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names (sphere1); // name of shapes
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names (sphere1);
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// diameter of shapes (m)
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diameters (0.005); // diameter of shapes (m)
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diameters (0.005);
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// material name for shapes
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materials (solidProperty); // material name for shapes
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materials (solidProperty);
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0
tutorials/sphereGranFlow/toteblender/cleanThisCase → tutorials/sphereGranFlow/toteBlender/cleanThisCase
Normal file → Executable file
0
tutorials/sphereGranFlow/toteblender/cleanThisCase → tutorials/sphereGranFlow/toteBlender/cleanThisCase
Normal file → Executable file
0
tutorials/sphereGranFlow/toteblender/runThisCase → tutorials/sphereGranFlow/toteBlender/runThisCase
Normal file → Executable file
0
tutorials/sphereGranFlow/toteblender/runThisCase → tutorials/sphereGranFlow/toteBlender/runThisCase
Normal file → Executable file
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@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
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/* -------------------------------*- C++ -*--------------------------------- *\
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| phasicFlow File |
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| copyright: www.cemf.ir |
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\* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
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objectName domainDict;
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objectType dictionary;
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fileFormat ASCII;
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/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
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// Simulation domain: every particles that goes outside this domain will be deleted
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globalBox
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{
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min (-0.3 -0.3 -0.3); // lower corner point of the box
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max ( 0.5 0.5 0.5); // upper corner point of the box
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}
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boundaries
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{
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left
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{
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type exit;
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}
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right
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{
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type exit;
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}
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bottom
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{
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type exit;
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}
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top
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{
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type exit;
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}
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rear
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{
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type exit;
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}
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front
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{
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type exit;
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}
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}
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@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
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/* -------------------------------*- C++ -*--------------------------------- *\
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| phasicFlow File |
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| copyright: www.cemf.ir |
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\* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
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objectName geometryDict;
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objectType dictionary;
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fileFormat ASCII;
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/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
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motionModel rotatingAxis;
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rotatingAxisInfo
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{
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axisOfRotation
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{
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p1 (-0.1 0.0 0.15);
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p2 ( 0.1 0.0 0.15);
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omega 1.5708;
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startTime 0.5;
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endTime 9.5;
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}
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}
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surfaces
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{
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topGate
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{
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||||||
|
type cylinderWall; // type of wall
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
p1 (0.0 0.0 0.3); // begin point of cylinder axis
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
p2 (0.0 0.0 0.301); // end point of cylinder axis
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
radius1 0.03; // radius at p1
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
radius2 0.0001; // radius at p2
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
material solidProperty; // material of wall
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
motion axisOfRotation;
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
topCylinder
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
type cylinderWall;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
p1 (0.0 0.0 0.28);
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
p2 (0.0 0.0 0.3);
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
radius1 0.03;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
radius2 0.03;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
resolution 36;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
material solidProperty;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
motion axisOfRotation;
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
coneShelltop
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
type cylinderWall;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
p1 (0.0 0.0 0.2);
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
p2 (0.0 0.0 0.28);
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
radius1 0.1;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
radius2 0.03;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
resolution 36;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
material solidProperty;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
motion axisOfRotation;
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
cylinderShell
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
type cylinderWall;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
p1 (0.0 0.0 0.1);
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
p2 (0.0 0.0 0.2);
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
radius1 0.1;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
radius2 0.1;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
resolution 36;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
material solidProperty;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
motion axisOfRotation;
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
coneShelldown
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
type cylinderWall;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
p1 (0.0 0.0 0.02);
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
p2 (0.0 0.0 0.1);
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
radius1 0.03;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
radius2 0.1;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
resolution 36;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
material solidProperty;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
motion axisOfRotation;
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
bottomCylinder
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
type cylinderWall;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
p1 (0.0 0.0 0.0);
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
p2 (0.0 0.0 0.02);
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
radius1 0.03;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
radius2 0.03;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
resolution 36;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
material solidProperty;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
motion axisOfRotation;
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
exitGate
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
type cylinderWall;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
p1 (0.0 0.0 -0.001);
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
p2 (0.0 0.0 0.0);
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
radius1 0.03;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
radius2 0.0001;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
resolution 36;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
material solidProperty;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
motion axisOfRotation;
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
}
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
|
||||||
|
/* -------------------------------*- C++ -*--------------------------------- *\
|
||||||
|
| phasicFlow File |
|
||||||
|
| copyright: www.cemf.ir |
|
||||||
|
\* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
|
||||||
|
objectName particlesDict;
|
||||||
|
objectType dictionary;
|
||||||
|
fileFormat ASCII;
|
||||||
|
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
setFields
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
/*
|
||||||
|
Default value for fields defined for particles
|
||||||
|
These fields should always be defined for simulations with
|
||||||
|
spherical particles.
|
||||||
|
*/
|
||||||
|
defaultValue
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
velocity realx3 (0 0 0); // linear velocity (m/s)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
acceleration realx3 (0 0 0); // linear acceleration (m/s2)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
rVelocity realx3 (0 0 0); // rotational velocity (rad/s)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
shapeName word sphere1; // name of the particle shape
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
selectors
|
||||||
|
{}
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
positionParticles
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
method ordered; // ordered positioning
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
mortonSorting Yes; // perform initial sorting based on morton code?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
orderedInfo
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
diameter 0.005; // minimum space between centers of particles
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
numPoints 24000; // number of particles in the simulation
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
axisOrder (x y z); // axis order for filling the space with particles
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
regionType cylinder; // other options: cylinder and sphere
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
cylinderInfo
|
||||||
|
{
|
||||||
|
p1 (0.0 0.0 0.09);
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
p2 (0.0 0.0 0.21);
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
radius 0.09; // radius of cylinder
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
}
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
|
||||||
|
/* -------------------------------*- C++ -*--------------------------------- *\
|
||||||
|
| phasicFlow File |
|
||||||
|
| copyright: www.cemf.ir |
|
||||||
|
\* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
|
||||||
|
objectName settingsDict;
|
||||||
|
objectType dictionary;
|
||||||
|
fileFormat ASCII;
|
||||||
|
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
run toteBlender;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
dt 0.00002; // time step for integration (s)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
startTime 0; // start time for simulation
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
endTime 10; // end time for simulation
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
saveInterval 0.05; // time interval for saving the simulation
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
timePrecision 4; // maximum number of digits for time folder
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
g (0 0 -9.8); // gravity vector (m/s2)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
// include/exclude fields for saving on disk
|
||||||
|
includeObjects (diameter);
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
excludeObjects (rVelocity.dy1 pStructPosition.dy1 pStructVelocity.dy1);
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
integrationMethod AdamsBashforth2;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
writeFormat ascii;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
timersReport Yes;
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
timersReportInterval 0.05;
|
|
@ -1,356 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
# Problem Definition
|
|
||||||
The problem is to simulate a double pedestal tote blender (mixer) with the diameter **0.03 m** and **0.1 m** respectively, the length **0.3 m**, rotating at **28 rpm**. This blender is filled with **24000** particles. The timestep for integration is **0.00001 s**. There is one type of particle in this blender. Particles are positioned before start of simulation to fill the blender.
|
|
||||||
* **24000** particles with **5 mm** diameter are positioned, in order, and let to be settled under gravity. After settling particles, this blender starts to rotate at t=**1s**.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<html>
|
|
||||||
<body>
|
|
||||||
<div align="center"><b>
|
|
||||||
a view of the tote-blender while rotating
|
|
||||||
</div></b>
|
|
||||||
<div align="center">
|
|
||||||
<img src="https://github.com/PhasicFlow/phasicFlow/blob/media/media/Tote-blender.gif", width=700px>
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
<div align="center"><i>
|
|
||||||
particles are colored according to their velocity
|
|
||||||
</div></i>
|
|
||||||
</body>
|
|
||||||
</html>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Setting up the Case
|
|
||||||
As it has been explained in the previous cases, the simulation case setup is based on text-based scripts. Here, the simulation case setup files are stored into two folders: `caseSetup`, `setting` (see the above folders). Unlike the previous cases, this case does not have the `stl` file and the surfaces are defined based on the built-in utilities in phasicFlow. See next the section for more information on how we can setup the geometry and its rotation.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Geometry
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Defining rotation axis
|
|
||||||
In file `settings/geometryDict` the information of rotating axis and speed of rotation are defined. The rotation of this blender starts at time=**0.5 s** and ends at time=**9.5 s**.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```C++
|
|
||||||
// information for rotatingAxisMotion motion model
|
|
||||||
rotatingAxisMotionInfo
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
axisOfRotation
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
p1 (-0.1 0.0 0.15); // first point for the axis of rotation
|
|
||||||
p2 ( 0.1 0.0 0.15); // second point for the axis of rotation
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
omega 1.5708; // rotation speed ==> 15 rad/s
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// Start time of Geometry Rotating (s)
|
|
||||||
startTime 0.5;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// End time of Geometry Rotating (s)
|
|
||||||
endTime 9.5;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Surfaces
|
|
||||||
In `settings/geometryDict` file, the surfaces and motion component of each surface are defined to form a rotating tote-blender. The geometry is composed of top and bottom cylinders, top and bottom cones, a cylindrical shell and top and bottom Gates.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```C++
|
|
||||||
surfaces
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
topGate
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
// type of wall
|
|
||||||
type cylinderWall;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// begin point of cylinder axis
|
|
||||||
p1 (0.0 0.0 0.3);
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// end point of cylinder axis
|
|
||||||
p2 (0.0 0.0 0.301);
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// radius at p1
|
|
||||||
radius1 0.03;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// radius at p2
|
|
||||||
radius2 0.0001;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// material of wall
|
|
||||||
material solidProperty;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// motion component name
|
|
||||||
motion axisOfRotation;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
topCylinder
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
// type of the wall
|
|
||||||
type cylinderWall;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// begin point of cylinder axis
|
|
||||||
p1 (0.0 0.0 0.28);
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// end point of cylinder axis
|
|
||||||
p2 (0.0 0.0 0.3);
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// radius at p1
|
|
||||||
radius1 0.03;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// radius at p2
|
|
||||||
radius2 0.03;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// number of divisions
|
|
||||||
resolution 36;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// material name of this wall
|
|
||||||
material solidProperty;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// motion component name
|
|
||||||
motion axisOfRotation;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
coneShelltop
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
// type of the wall
|
|
||||||
type cylinderWall;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// begin point of cylinder axis
|
|
||||||
p1 (0.0 0.0 0.2);
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// end point of cylinder axis
|
|
||||||
p2 (0.0 0.0 0.28);
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// radius at p1
|
|
||||||
radius1 0.1;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// radius at p2
|
|
||||||
radius2 0.03;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// number of divisions
|
|
||||||
resolution 36;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// material name of this wall
|
|
||||||
material solidProperty;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// motion component name
|
|
||||||
motion axisOfRotation;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
cylinderShell
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
// type of the wall
|
|
||||||
type cylinderWall;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// begin point of cylinder axis
|
|
||||||
p1 (0.0 0.0 0.1);
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// end point of cylinder axis
|
|
||||||
p2 (0.0 0.0 0.2);
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// radius at p1
|
|
||||||
radius1 0.1;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// radius at p2
|
|
||||||
radius2 0.1;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// number of divisions
|
|
||||||
resolution 36;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// material name of this wall
|
|
||||||
material solidProperty;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// motion component name
|
|
||||||
motion axisOfRotation;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
coneShelldown
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// type of the wall
|
|
||||||
type cylinderWall;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// begin point of cylinder axis
|
|
||||||
p1 (0.0 0.0 0.02);
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// end point of cylinder axis
|
|
||||||
p2 (0.0 0.0 0.1);
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// radius at p1
|
|
||||||
radius1 0.03;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// radius at p2
|
|
||||||
radius2 0.1;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// number of divisions
|
|
||||||
resolution 36;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// material name of this wall
|
|
||||||
material solidProperty;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// motion component name
|
|
||||||
motion axisOfRotation;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
bottomCylinder
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
// type of the wall
|
|
||||||
type cylinderWall;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// begin point of cylinder axis
|
|
||||||
p1 (0.0 0.0 0.0);
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// end point of cylinder axis
|
|
||||||
p2 (0.0 0.0 0.02);
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// radius at p1
|
|
||||||
radius1 0.03;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// radius at p2
|
|
||||||
radius2 0.03;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// number of divisions
|
|
||||||
resolution 36;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// material name of this wall
|
|
||||||
material solidProperty;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// motion component name
|
|
||||||
motion axisOfRotation;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
exitGate
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// type of the wall
|
|
||||||
type cylinderWall;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// begin point of cylinder axis
|
|
||||||
p1 (0.0 0.0 -0.001);
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// end point of cylinder axis
|
|
||||||
p2 (0.0 0.0 0.0);
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// radius at p1
|
|
||||||
radius1 0.03;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// radius at p2
|
|
||||||
radius2 0.0001;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// number of divisions
|
|
||||||
resolution 36;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// material name of this wall
|
|
||||||
material solidProperty;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// motion component name
|
|
||||||
motion axisOfRotation;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Defining particles
|
|
||||||
### Diameter and material of spheres
|
|
||||||
In the `caseSetup/sphereShape` the diameter and the material name of the particles are defined.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div align="center">
|
|
||||||
in <b>caseSetup/sphereShape</b> file
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```C++
|
|
||||||
// name of shapes
|
|
||||||
names (sphere1);
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// diameter of shapes (m)
|
|
||||||
diameters (0.005);
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// material name for shapes
|
|
||||||
materials (solidProperty);
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
### Particle positioning before start of simulation
|
|
||||||
Particles are positioned before the start of simulation. The positioning can be ordered or random. Here we use ordered positioning. 24000 particles are positioned in a cylinderical region inside the tote-blender.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div align="center">
|
|
||||||
in <b>settings/particlesDict</b> file
|
|
||||||
</div>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```C++
|
|
||||||
// positions particles
|
|
||||||
positionParticles
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
// ordered positioning
|
|
||||||
method positionOrdered;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// maximum number of particles in the simulation
|
|
||||||
maxNumberOfParticles 25001;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// perform initial sorting based on morton code?
|
|
||||||
mortonSorting Yes;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// cylinderical region for positioning particles
|
|
||||||
cylinder
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
p1 (0.0 0.0 0.09);
|
|
||||||
p2 (0.0 0.0 0.21);
|
|
||||||
radius 0.09;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
positionOrderedInfo
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
// minimum space between centers of particles
|
|
||||||
diameter 0.005;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// number of particles in the simulation
|
|
||||||
numPoints 24000;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// axis order for filling the space with particles
|
|
||||||
axisOrder (x y z);
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Interaction between particles
|
|
||||||
In `caseSetup/interaction` file, material names and properties and interaction parameters are defined. Since we are defining 1 material type in the simulation, the interaction matrix is 1x1 (interactions are symmetric).
|
|
||||||
```C++
|
|
||||||
// a list of materials names
|
|
||||||
materials (solidProperty);
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// density of materials [kg/m3]
|
|
||||||
densities (1000.0);
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
contactListType sortedContactList;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
model
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
contactForceModel nonLinearNonLimited;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
rollingFrictionModel normal;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*
|
|
||||||
Property (solidProperty-solidProperty);
|
|
||||||
*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// Young modulus [Pa]
|
|
||||||
Yeff (1.0e6);
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// Shear modulus [Pa]
|
|
||||||
Geff (0.8e6);
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// Poisson's ratio [-]
|
|
||||||
nu (0.25);
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// coefficient of normal restitution
|
|
||||||
en (0.7);
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// coefficient of tangential restitution
|
|
||||||
et (1.0);
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// dynamic friction
|
|
||||||
mu (0.3);
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// rolling friction
|
|
||||||
mur (0.1);
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Performing Simulation and previewing the results
|
|
||||||
To perform simulations, enter the following commands one after another in the terminal.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Enter `$ particlesPhasicFlow` command to create the initial fields for particles.
|
|
||||||
Enter `$ geometryPhasicFlow` command to create the geometry.
|
|
||||||
At last, enter `$ sphereGranFlow` command to start the simulation.
|
|
||||||
After finishing the simulation, you can use `$ pFlowtoVTK` to convert the results into vtk format stored in ./VTK folder.
|
|
|
@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
/* -------------------------------*- C++ -*--------------------------------- *\
|
|
||||||
| phasicFlow File |
|
|
||||||
| copyright: www.cemf.ir |
|
|
||||||
\* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
|
|
||||||
objectName interaction;
|
|
||||||
objectType dicrionary;
|
|
||||||
fileFormat ASCII;
|
|
||||||
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
|
|
||||||
materials (solidProperty); // a list of materials names
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
densities (1000.0); // density of materials [kg/m3]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
contactListType sortedContactList;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
contactSearch
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
method NBS; // method for broad search
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
updateInterval 10;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
sizeRatio 1.1;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
cellExtent 0.55;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
adjustableBox Yes;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
model
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
contactForceModel nonLinearNonLimited;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
rollingFrictionModel normal;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*
|
|
||||||
Property (solidProperty-solidProperty)
|
|
||||||
*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Yeff (1.0e6); // Young modulus [Pa]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Geff (0.8e6); // Shear modulus [Pa]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
nu (0.25); // Poisson's ratio [-]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
en (0.7); // coefficient of normal restitution
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
et (1.0); // coefficient of tangential restitution
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
mu (0.3); // dynamic friction
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
mur (0.1); // rolling friction
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
/* -------------------------------*- C++ -*--------------------------------- *\
|
|
||||||
| phasicFlow File |
|
|
||||||
| copyright: www.cemf.ir |
|
|
||||||
\* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
|
|
||||||
objectName particleInsertion;
|
|
||||||
objectType dicrionary;
|
|
||||||
fileFormat ASCII;
|
|
||||||
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
|
|
||||||
active No; // is insertion active -> Yes or No
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
collisionCheck No; // is checked -> Yes or No
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
/* -------------------------------*- C++ -*--------------------------------- *\
|
|
||||||
| phasicFlow File |
|
|
||||||
| copyright: www.cemf.ir |
|
|
||||||
\* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
|
|
||||||
objectName sphereDict;
|
|
||||||
objectType sphereShape;
|
|
||||||
fileFormat ASCII;
|
|
||||||
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
|
|
||||||
names (sphere1); // name of shapes
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
diameters (0.005); // diameter of shapes (m)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
materials (solidProperty); // material name for shapes
|
|
|
@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
/* -------------------------------*- C++ -*--------------------------------- *\
|
|
||||||
| phasicFlow File |
|
|
||||||
| copyright: www.cemf.ir |
|
|
||||||
\* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
|
|
||||||
objectName domainDict;
|
|
||||||
objectType dictionary;
|
|
||||||
fileFormat ASCII;
|
|
||||||
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
|
|
||||||
globalBox // Simulation domain: every particles that goes outside this domain will be deleted
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
min (-0.3 -0.3 -0.3); // lower corner point of the box
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
max (0.5 0.5 0.5); // upper corner point of the box
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
decomposition
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
direction z;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
boundaries
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
neighborListUpdateInterval 50; /* Determines how often (how many iterations) do you want to
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
rebuild the list of particles in the neighbor list
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
of all boundaries in the simulation domain */
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
updateInterval 10; // Determines how often do you want to update the new changes in the boundary
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
neighborLength 0.004; // The distance from the boundary plane within which particles are marked to be in the boundary list
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
left
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
type exit; // other options: periodic, reflective
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
right
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
type exit; // other options: periodict, reflective
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
bottom
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
type exit; // other options: periodict, reflective
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
top
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
type exit; // other options: periodict, reflective
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
rear
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
type exit; // other options: periodict, reflective
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
front
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
type exit; // other options: periodict, reflective
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
|
@ -1,159 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
/* -------------------------------*- C++ -*--------------------------------- *\
|
|
||||||
| phasicFlow File |
|
|
||||||
| copyright: www.cemf.ir |
|
|
||||||
\* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
|
|
||||||
objectName geometryDict;
|
|
||||||
objectType dictionary;
|
|
||||||
fileFormat ASCII;
|
|
||||||
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
|
|
||||||
motionModel rotatingAxis; // motion model: rotating object around an axis
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
rotatingAxisInfo // information for rotatingAxisMotion motion model
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
axisOfRotation
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
p1 (-0.1 0.0 0.15); // first point for the axis of rotation
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
p2 ( 0.1 0.0 0.15); // second point for the axis of rotation
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
omega 1.5708; // rotation speed ==> 15 rad/s
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
startTime 0.5; // Start time of Geometry Rotating (s)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
endTime 9.5; // End time of Geometry Rotating (s)
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
surfaces
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
topGate
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
type cylinderWall; // type of wall
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
p1 (0.0 0.0 0.3); // begin point of cylinder axis
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
p2 (0.0 0.0 0.301); // end point of cylinder axis
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
radius1 0.03; // radius at p1
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
radius2 0.0001; // radius at p2
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
material solidProperty; // material of wall
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
motion axisOfRotation; // motion component name
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
topCylinder
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
type cylinderWall; // type of the wall
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
p1 (0.0 0.0 0.28); // begin point of cylinder axis
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
p2 (0.0 0.0 0.3); // end point of cylinder axis
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
radius1 0.03; // radius at p1
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
radius2 0.03; // radius at p2
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
resolution 36; // number of divisions
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
material solidProperty; // material name of this wall
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
motion axisOfRotation; // motion component name
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
coneShelltop
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
type cylinderWall; // type of the wall
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
p1 (0.0 0.0 0.2); // begin point of cylinder axis
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
p2 (0.0 0.0 0.28); // end point of cylinder axis
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
radius1 0.1; // radius at p1
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
radius2 0.03; // radius at p2
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
resolution 36; // number of divisions
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
material solidProperty; // material name of this wall
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
motion axisOfRotation; // motion component name
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
cylinderShell
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
type cylinderWall; // type of the wall
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
p1 (0.0 0.0 0.1); // begin point of cylinder axis
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
p2 (0.0 0.0 0.2); // end point of cylinder axis
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
radius1 0.1; // radius at p1
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
radius2 0.1; // radius at p2
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
resolution 36; // number of divisions
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
material solidProperty; // material name of this wall
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
motion axisOfRotation; // motion component name
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
coneShelldown
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
type cylinderWall; // type of the wall
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
p1 (0.0 0.0 0.02); // begin point of cylinder axis
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
p2 (0.0 0.0 0.1); // end point of cylinder axis
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
radius1 0.03; // radius at p1
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
radius2 0.1; // radius at p2
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
resolution 36; // number of divisions
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
material solidProperty; // material name of this wall
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
motion axisOfRotation; // motion component name
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
bottomCylinder
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
type cylinderWall; // type of the wall
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
p1 (0.0 0.0 0.0); // begin point of cylinder axis
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
p2 (0.0 0.0 0.02); // end point of cylinder axis
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
radius1 0.03; // radius at p1
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
radius2 0.03; // radius at p2
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
resolution 36; // number of divisions
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
material solidProperty; // material name of this wall
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
motion axisOfRotation; // motion component name
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
exitGate
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
type cylinderWall; // type of the wall
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
p1 (0.0 0.0 -0.001); // begin point of cylinder axis
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
p2 (0.0 0.0 0.0); // end point of cylinder axis
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
radius1 0.03; // radius at p1
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
radius2 0.0001; // radius at p2
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
resolution 36; // number of divisions
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
material solidProperty; // material name of this wall
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
motion axisOfRotation; // motion component name
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
|
@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
/* -------------------------------*- C++ -*--------------------------------- *\
|
|
||||||
| phasicFlow File |
|
|
||||||
| copyright: www.cemf.ir |
|
|
||||||
\* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
|
|
||||||
objectName particlesDict;
|
|
||||||
objectType dictionary;
|
|
||||||
fileFormat ASCII;
|
|
||||||
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
|
|
||||||
setFields
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
/*
|
|
||||||
Default value for fields defined for particles
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
These fields should always be defined for simulations with
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
spherical particles.
|
|
||||||
*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
defaultValue
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
velocity realx3 (0 0 0); // linear velocity (m/s)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
acceleration realx3 (0 0 0); // linear acceleration (m/s2)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
rVelocity realx3 (0 0 0); // rotational velocity (rad/s)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
shapeName word sphere1; // name of the particle shape
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
selectors
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
shapeAssigne
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
selector stridedRange; // other options: box, cylinder, sphere, randomPoints
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
stridedRangeInfo
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
begin 0; // begin index of points
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
end 24000; // end index of points
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
stride 3; // stride for selector
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
fieldValue // fields that the selector is applied to
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
shapeName word sphere1; // sets shapeName of the selected points to largeSphere
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
positionParticles // positions particles
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
method ordered; // ordered positioning
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
mortonSorting Yes; // perform initial sorting based on morton code?
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
orderedInfo
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
diameter 0.005; // minimum space between centers of particles
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
numPoints 24000; // number of particles in the simulation
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
axisOrder (x y z); // axis order for filling the space with particles
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
regionType cylinder; // other options: cylinder and sphere
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
cylinderInfo // cylinder for positioning particles
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
p1 (0.0 0.0 0.09); // Coordinates of bottom cylinderRegion (m,m,m)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
p2 (0.0 0.0 0.21); // Coordinates of top cylinderRegion (m,m,m)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
radius 0.09; // radius of cylinder
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
|
@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
|
||||||
/* -------------------------------*- C++ -*--------------------------------- *\
|
|
||||||
| phasicFlow File |
|
|
||||||
| copyright: www.cemf.ir |
|
|
||||||
\* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
|
|
||||||
objectName settingsDict;
|
|
||||||
objectType dictionary;
|
|
||||||
fileFormat ASCII;
|
|
||||||
/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
|
|
||||||
run toteblender;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
dt 0.00004; // time step for integration (s)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
startTime 0; // start time for simulation
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
endTime 10; // end time for simulation
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
saveInterval 0.05; // time interval for saving the simulation
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
timePrecision 3; // maximum number of digits for time folder
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
g (0 0 -9.8); // gravity vector (m/s2)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
includeObjects (diameter); // save necessary (i.e., required) data on disk
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// exclude unnecessary data from saving on disk
|
|
||||||
excludeObjects (rVelocity.dy1 pStructPosition.dy1 pStructVelocity.dy1);
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
integrationMethod AdamsBashforth2; // integration method
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
writeFormat ascii; // data writting format (ascii or binary)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
timersReport Yes; // report timers (Yes or No)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
timersReportInterval 0.02; // time interval for reporting timers
|
|
Loading…
Reference in New Issue